全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1052篇 |
免费 | 58篇 |
国内免费 | 110篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 8篇 |
大气科学 | 2篇 |
地球物理 | 176篇 |
地质学 | 48篇 |
海洋学 | 855篇 |
综合类 | 97篇 |
自然地理 | 34篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 25篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 27篇 |
2019年 | 22篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 30篇 |
2015年 | 27篇 |
2014年 | 37篇 |
2013年 | 109篇 |
2012年 | 24篇 |
2011年 | 48篇 |
2010年 | 44篇 |
2009年 | 66篇 |
2008年 | 58篇 |
2007年 | 77篇 |
2006年 | 66篇 |
2005年 | 56篇 |
2004年 | 44篇 |
2003年 | 37篇 |
2002年 | 37篇 |
2001年 | 33篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 41篇 |
1998年 | 25篇 |
1997年 | 30篇 |
1996年 | 24篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1220条查询结果,搜索用时 593 毫秒
151.
Impact of channel bar form and grain size variability on estimated stranding risk of juvenile brown trout during hydropeaking 下载免费PDF全文
Christoph Hauer Günther Unfer Patrick Holzapfel Marlene Haimann Helmut Habersack 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1622-1641
Hydropeaking leads to artificial fluctuations in discharge and corresponding water levels with pronounced dewatering areas between base and peak flow along gravel bars and channel banks. In the present study, 16 hydropeaking reaches in Austria were investigated to assess possible differences in the estimated stranding risk for young of the year brown trout according to different gravel bar types and differences in microtopography roughness. Based on hydrodynamic‐numerical modelling, a predictive habitat modelling approach was implemented in the study design. Accompanied by grain size sampling along the various channel bars, a conceptual stranding risk model (SRM) was developed. The results showed that a high variability in estimated stranding risk exists for the tested sites considering discharge ratios of 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10. With respect to the discussion of establishing legal thresholds for ramping ratios in discharge, it was documented that, exemplarily, a discharge ratio base flow/peak flow of 1:5 (winter base flow conditions) could cause minor differences in the spatial extent of dewatering areas and the related estimated stranding risk for juvenile brown trout compared to a ratio of 1:2 for summer base flow conditions. Microtopographic roughness was addressed due to sampling and analysis of grain size distributions. Statistical testing of grain size distributions revealed significant differences between the surface material compositions of the investigated gravel bars. Those differences are evident, particularly for the coarser fraction (d90), which is important as cover for young of the year brown trout. These aspects of grain size in habitat use and hydraulics have been addressed in the conceptual SRM. The results showed that point bar morphology, in particular, was less sensitive to the risk of stranding compared to, for example, alternating gravel bars. Considering the multiple pressures for alpine rivers, the improvement of structural features due to bar formation and related self‐forming processes is discussed as a possible alternative for future mitigation measures to reduce the negative impacts of hydropeaking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
152.
Trevor G. Dix 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):13-16
Newly metamorphosed Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) were observed in three larval cultures 36, 30, and 28 days after fertilisation, indicating that the free swimming larval life may last about 1 month. 相似文献
153.
D. G. McKnight 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):555-556
Halosaurus pectoralis McCulloch is recorded from off Gisborne, New Zealand, and from south‐east of Lord Howe Island, thus adding a second species of the order Heteromi to the New Zealand fauna. 相似文献
154.
We examined the effects of sediment on fish communities at 38 sites in the East Cape region of New Zealand. Many streams in this region are subject to high sediment loads, a natural situation that has been exacerbated by the conversion of native forest to pasture. The fish community consisted of diadromous native species common throughout New Zealand that require access to and from the sea. We found that site altitude and distance inland were important factors in determining the abundance and composition of the fish community. We used four measures as indices of sediment load: suspended sediment concentration, median substrate size, substrate stability, and the ratio of the wetted width to the width of the active (non‐vegetated) stream channel. Although all indices were correlated, the ratio of wetted width to width of active channel was most closely related to fish abundance and diversity. Fish abundance and diversity reduced as sediment load increased among streams, with up to nine fish species in streams with low sediment loads and only two species in streams with high sediment loads. In‐stream habitat also varied with sediment load; as load increased, depth and substrate size decreased and velocity increased. These results suggest that activities that increase sediment loads in rivers will have a negative impact on native fish communities in New Zealand. 相似文献
155.
Lesley L. Rhodes Joann M. Burkholder Howard B. Glasgow Parke A. Rublee Coy Allen Janet E. Adamson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):621-630
Pfiesteria shumwayae Steidinger et Burkholder is now known to be present in New Zealand and occurs in estuaries around the country. The presence of Pfiesteria was initially determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based detection assay, using oligonucleotide primers targeted at ribosomal DNA extracted from estuarine water and sediments. Presence was confirmed by isolation from fresh sediments in the presence offish (Oreochromis mossambicus), followed by identification by scanning electron microscopy. The New Zealand isolates of P. shumwayae were ichthyotoxic in bioassays, but there is no historic evidence offish kills in New Zealand associated with the dinoflagellate. 相似文献
156.
Fish exclosures were deployed within shallow, eutrophic Lake Rotoroa, Hamilton, New Zealand to assess the influence of an alien‐dominated fish population on establishment by charophytes. Replicated mesh exclosures were placed at sites differing in wave exposure and received transplanted charophyte oospores and plants, with identical material placed outside. Charophyte establishment from oospores and plant biomass were greater inside exclosures compared with outside. Wave exposure did not depress germling response and the effect of fish exclosures on charophyte establishment was least apparent at the most exposed site. Exclosures did not have a statistically significant influence on the light climate, and epiphytic algal development was similar or higher inside the exclosures. However, sediment mobilisation was lower inside the exclosures. Results suggest that fish were primarily responsible for the poor performance of unprotected charophytes in Lake Rotoroa, with fish effects on plants operating via direct disturbance or grazing. 相似文献
157.
R. I. C. C. Francis 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):375-389
The design and execution of two acoustic surveys of Hawke Bay in February and September/October 1980 are described. Though the resulting acoustic data were, for technical reasons, of limited value, they illustrate the information which may be drawn from acoustic surveys. Fish distributions may be rapidly mapped, not only by area, but throughout most of the water column and over time. Qualitative observations on fish distribution may be quantified. The estimation of variance in acoustic surveys is discussed in detail with particular emphasis on the problems of systematic surveys. The role of replicate observations is stressed. Coefficients of variation for relative fish density estimates from the two surveys probably lie between 5 and 30%. 相似文献
158.
M. Paul Mosley 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3-4):351-357
Riffles and points of divergence of branch channels in braided rivers are critical controls upon passage of fish and recreational boats because they are points at which depths are at a minimum. Depths on randomly selected riffles were measured in braided reaches of the Ashley, Hurunui, and Rakaia Rivers and related to discharge; minimum depths encountered in extended reaches of these rivers at a range of flows have also been measured. The data can be used to predict minimum available passage depths at a specified flow, or conversely, to predict the discharge required to maintain a specified minimum passage depth. However, presently available estimates of critical minimum depths required for various instream uses (migration of salmonids, jetboating) appear excessively conservative, and minimum depth requirements must be more accurately determined before instream flow needs can be properly assessed. 相似文献
159.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):233-240
Once one of the most numerous seabirds of the Benguela upwelling system, the population of Cape cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis has decreased by 60% in the past three decades and the species is listed as Near Threatened. Declines in prey availability and/or abundance brought about by recent changes in the distribution of pelagic fish stocks and industrial purse-seine fishing are hypothesised to be a key driver of seabird population decreases in the southern Benguela. We investigated the foraging behaviour of breeding Cape cormorants by deploying GPS and temperature–depth recorders on 24 breeding adults from three islands off the coast of South Africa, two of them to the north of Cape Point and a third farther south on the western Agulhas Bank. This provided the first measures of foraging dispersal by a cormorant in the Benguela system, and enabled a comparison of foraging behaviour between birds from these islands. Foraging trips of Cape cormorants lasted between 17 min and >7 h, at a maximum distance of between 2 and 58 km away from their colony. Foraging effort was significantly greater for birds from farther north off the West Coast in terms of trip duration, distance travelled, number of dives and time spent flying compared to those from the southernmost island (Dyer), which is probably a response to low prey availability in the north. Coastal reserves that exclude pelagic fishing from inshore feeding grounds around Cape cormorant breeding colonies may result in increased local prey availability, which would benefit Cape cormorant populations. 相似文献
160.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(4):451-460
Status assessment of exploited fish populations is a general requirement to ensure sustainability of fisheries in both global and local contexts. The blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich, 1825) remains unassessed in a data-limited fishery in the eastern central Atlantic, within the waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) off the coast of northwest Africa. This is the most southwestern targeted fishery in the species’ distributional range. To obtain basic life-history information, a total of 2 472 specimens were analysed, ranging from 10.2 to 31.9 cm total length, from samples collected monthly between March 2005 and March 2006. Length–weight relationships (a = 0.0023; b = 3.418; R 2 = 0.97) showed no significant difference between sexes. Deposition periodicity and coherence of the ageing criteria were verified by analysis of the monthly evolution of the otolith edge. Ages were estimated by counting annual growth rings on whole otoliths, with these fish ranging from age 0 to 6 years. The von Bertalanffy growth model, which was used to estimate growth parameters from both direct readings and back-calculated length-at-age data, gave good statistical fits. The parameters from the direct readings were: L∞ = 34.9 cm; k = 0.214 y–1; t 0 = ?2.545 y (R 2 = 0.84), and the natural mortality rates estimated from empirical methods varied between 0.20 and 0.55 y–1. 相似文献